Quantum Information Science is a major frontier of modern science and technology, exploring physical situations that are classically impossible. An important technological application, already available today, is secure quantum key distribution realized by spatially separated entangled quantum states. This program will be centered around new fundamental physical questions that will emerge from successful current and future quantum technologies. The focus will be on effects and phenomena that appear already in low-dimensional quantum systems, and which are (or may soon be) experimentally realized.