Maintaining crop production to feed a growing population during a period of climate change is the greatest challenge we face as a species. The increased crop yields during the last century and especially the Green Revolution, were brought about through breeding for increased harvest index and disease resistance, as well as by using more irrigation water and agrochemicals. While genetic gains continue, the multiple challenges of climate change and growing global population demand new approaches to produce nutritious, high yielding, climate resilient crops and mitigate the negative impact of agriculture on the climate.