This workshop brings together leading experts in neuroscience, cosmology, and AI to develop new methods that not only help us understand the universe but also the neurons that make such understanding possible. With a focus on AI (XAI), participants will create algorithms that provide new insights on complex data by revealing how and why they make decisions. By studying the neurons that help us think and the AI that explains how it "thinks," we are not just pushing the boundaries of science—we are unraveling the very mechanisms that allow us to comprehend our place in the cosmos.