The ICERM workshop "Fluid Dynamics and Turbulence" focuses on advancing the mathematical understanding of fluid dynamics, particularly the intricate phenomenon of turbulence. It aims to explore recent breakthroughs in the analysis of fluid equations, such as the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations, addressing fundamental questions of well-posedness, singularity formation, stability, and anomalous energy dissipation. The workshop will explore cutting-edge mathematical techniques, including singularity formation, anomalous dissipation, convex integration, optimal transport, and regularity theory for partial differential equations.