Understanding the sensitivity of climate to changes in levels of carbon dioxide is one of the grand challenges facing society. Intervals in Earth history, such as the Pliocene (c. 3 million years ago) offer a unique testbed to understand how climate and the Earth system could respond to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Our Galileo conference will bring together the modelling and the data community, building on past successes to help define the direction of Pliocene research globally. We aim to gather scientific experts from around the world to discuss the current state of knowledge and use this as a basis for moving forwards. We welcome Pliocene climate and Earth System modellers, and all those who focus on reconstructing the Pliocene using proxy records.